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Message: <blockquote data-quote="Izso" data-source="post: 1063735889" data-attributes="member: 2429"><img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6040/6243416375_68369fd968.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Now that the fueling and displacement is sorted, let's finish up with intake, cams and engine dynamics.Once your get your fueling sorted out, it only makes sense to work on the air intake and in a basic 4 cylinder car, the more air/fuel mixture you cram into the cylinder, the more power you can extract out of it. One of the tricks tuners like Skunk do is to tune the length, shape, size and parameters of the intake manifold. <img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6160/6235569029_bd73011bd1.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />When your engine starts to suck in air, the air in the intake is moving rapidly towards the cylinder. The valve opens and closes based on your camshafts design and shape. The minute the valve closes, air is packed in, forming an area of high pressure just before the cylinder and the intake manifold runner (or somewhere around there). If the intake is correctly tuned, that pressure will help cram more air into the cylinder just as the valve opens for the next cycle.And like I said - More air + more fuel = more power.Having said that though, the moment of high pressure is so short, it's impossible for the unequipped to know for sure whether or not there was any gain, but most butt dynos will tell you that you're getting more kick every time you floor the pedal. With the right intake system, believe me it's not a placebo. <img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6110/6236094758_38df9cdf43.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />I just recently had my cams installed (this will be in a separate article, full length semi-DIY feature) Essentially the camshaft determines when the intake valves open to suck in air and when the exhaust valves open to expel the exhaust gases, and how it does that is by the "lobes" on the cams that push open either the intake or the exhaust valves (which closes shut right after the lobe turns away, by means of a valve spring).First of all, the intake valve opens once the piston starts to take its intake stroke (downwards). The air in the intake runner gets crammed into the cylinder and when I say crammed, I'm talking really fast. Your engine runs at minimally 750 revolutions per minute or rpm (normal idling speed). On average Mr. Joe Blow will rev his car to minimally 4000rpm and that translates to the intakes opening and closing 2000 times per minute. If you think about it, that's 33 times per second so yes, the air is moving pretty...damn....fast.<img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6033/6243824782_5d05e23222_o.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Copyright belongs to Marshal BrainWhen the intake valve closes, all of that fast moving air would get disrupted and not enter the cylinder. By leaving the intake valve open a little longer, the momentum of the fast-moving air continues to cram into the cylinder as the piston starts its compression stroke (upwards). So the faster the engine goes, the faster the air moves and the longer we want the intake valve to stay open. Leaving the valve open that slightly longer results in more air being crammed in. Why? If by now you still need to ask I ought to run you over with my car forward - reverse - forward - reverse 10 times. More air + more fuel = more power <img src="https://zerotohundred.com/forums/styles/default/xenforo/smilies/smokin.gif"  class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":smokin:" title="Smokin    :smokin:" data-shortname=":smokin:" /> And how is this done? With aftermarket cams. Why? Because these cams have higher lobes which open the valve longer (and possible wider). <img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6231/6243353729_d10d809b14.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Copyright belongs to Drexchan from EA AutoworksNow, there's a downside to installing a performance cam. Depending on the degree, angle and height of the lobe, any sort of valve opening overlap for the intake and exhaust will result in rough idling. How bad the idling is depends on how aggressive your cam is. Mine is a small 260 intake 288 exhaust cam which by racing kaki standards is Hello Kitty. Thundercat cams like the 292 intake 292 exhaust or more will require engine management otherwise your car will stall every time you idle.But what does this do all in all? Increased power at a certain powerband. In my case, I've tuned mine to kick in at 4.5k rpm all the way to 6k rpm. It's a bit high but my car is a basic SOHC (single over head cam) car which means the intake and exhaust are solely dependent on a single camshaft. DOHC (double over head cam) allows you to play with the timing for the intake and exhaust separately which lets you do wonders.<img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6045/6235569155_e3f9694702.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Yes.. I said "tuned" my camshaft. You're probably thinking : I thought you said the SOHC cams were fixed?. They are. Just that you can still fiddle with the angle of the lobes with an adjustable cam pulley. Depending on your car, retarding 2 degrees or advancing 2 degrees will shift the powerband for a SOHC car like mine quite significantly. Some folks I know use 0 degrees which is the default position therefore negating the need for an adjustable pulley, but where's the fun in that? There's nothing much else to explain here. If you're using a stock cam and your car is a SOHC, I'm not quite sure what adjusting the angle of the cam will do. But stock power is pretty... stock. Why would you want to shift the powerband? <img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6168/6236094540_08ce5c6b1f.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Lastly - engine dynamics, specifically engine balancing, blue printing, lightening and port & polish.What is engine balancing, blue printing and lightening?Your engine is made up of rotating and/or moving parts. These rotating parts create a certain force which if imbalanced (even the slightest) will cause vibration which causes stress and higher wear and tear on engine components. Balancing essentially means you reduce this vibrational force. The lesser the vibration the better the part moves/rotates and the more efficient it is. If you've ever played with a Evo's balancing shaft, you'll know what a really well balanced part is. The Evo uses a balancing shaft to counter the engines vibrational forces and the shaft is so incredibly balanced that if you were to rock it on a table, it'll rock left, right, left, right (and so on) for a good 5 minutes before it eventually stops rocking.Blue printing is basically a lot of work. You re-machine every single component in your engine to achieve even better levels of balance. Lightening is indirectly related and you essentially just lighten parts before you send them for balancing. One of the more popular lightening techniques is "knife edging" the crank shaft. The crank shaft has super large and heavy counter weights, what folks do is they slice off a lot of the counter weight to dramatically lighten the crank shaft. The only downside to doing all this is this : when you balance say your crank shaft, you'll normally do it with the whole crank assembly, meaning crankshaft and crank pulley. In my case my balanced pulley broke after a years usage and I replaced it with another stock pulley. Problem is, that means the pulley is no longer balanced with the shaft and that means vibrational forces is back and that (I suspect) killed my 2nd pulley in less than a year. The same applies for clutches and clutch housings, if that is dynamically balanced with the rest of your engine that means every time you change clutch, you need to re-balance it. So think carefully before you choose to balance your engine.<img src="http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6032/6243978268_601653de31.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Image belongs to ZTH member TAQUPort and polish is pretty straight forward. You know air flow is fast and you want air to flow in as smoothly as possibly. So a good port and polished cylinder head will do exactly that - let air flow as smoothly and uninterrupted as possible. This isn't something you can DIY unless you understand aerodynamics or some sort of air-flow physics so if you want it done, find a reputable tuner to do it for you. A poorly done up head will completely ruin your powerful engine so choose wisely. Remember - you don't only want more air to flow in, your goal is to allow air to flow in as smoothly as possible. That's it for basic NA mods. Next up - forced induction and engine management.</blockquote>

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