Reply to thread

See what others are reading now! Try Forums > Current Activity

Message: <blockquote data-quote="sakuraguy" data-source="post: 1677915" data-attributes="member: 6441">Effects of rape and aftermathThe most common long term effects of sexual assault and rape are the invisible ones. The immediate symptoms of rape trauma include unpredictable and intense emotions. The victim may experience an exaggerated startle response (jumpiness), memories and intrusive thoughts about the assault, nightmares, difficulty sleeping, and difficulty concentrating. The long term psychological effects of rape can include PTSD and rape trauma syndrome (RTS), OCD, DID, eating disturbances, self-injury, self-blame, panic attacks, flashbacks, body memories and sleeping disorders. Unfortunately, in many cases, these effects can be life-long if the victim does not get immediate support and care (Medline & RCIP). These symptoms can be exhibited in a way that is either expressive or subdued.Rape is especially stigmatizing in cultures with strong customs and taboos regarding sex and sexuality. For example, a rape victim (especially a virgin) may be viewed by society as being "damaged". The victim may suffer isolation, be disowned by friends and family, be prohibited from marrying, be divorced (if already married), or even killed (known as secondary victimization). Feelings of self-blame (i.e. personal responsibility for the attack) and feelings of dirtiness are also commonly experienced. (Dearing et. al., 2005) Many violent sexual assaults end with the death or serious injury of the victim. Other physical consequences may include pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. Due to the personal nature of sex crimes, psychological effects are commonplace.In the past, survivors of rape and sexual assault were often diagnosed with Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS), then considered to be a psychological disorder. RTS is no longer considered a diagnosis, but rather a set of normal psychological and physiological reactions that a victim is likely to experience. The reactions are very similar to those that would be experienced by a survivor of any other traumatizing experience, and sometimes result in a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. These traumatic responses are often cited as one of the reasons why rape goes unreported. (NCPTSD)The process to denounce and eventually convict an offender is often hindered by similar psychological effects. Victims frequently feel shame when describing what has happened (especially if the victim is male, or if a female victim must report the incident to a male law officer or a male victim to a female law officer). Also, the intimate questions and medical examinations required for prosecution can make the victim uncomfortable. In societies that do not accord equal civil rights to women and men, this process is even more difficult for female victims, but men can feel this way as well. In societies where denial, sexual stereotyping and pervasive double standards exist, victims of male-male, female-male and female-female rape often suffer double victimization when they seek support from legal, medical, and psychological professionals.Sexual assault of children can lead to the following: life-long depression, D.I.D. (formerly M.P.D.), cutting (self injury), other forms of self-mutilation, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), Anti-Social Personality Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSS), flashbacks, psychotic breaks with reality, alcoholism, substance abuse, promiscuity, celibacy, prostitution, an inability to form intimate relationships, self-hate, guilt, anger (which is often directed inwards as well as outwards), general mental deterioration including loss of IQ, emotional hypersensitivity, defensiveness, a lifelong inability to trust others, emotional numbness, an attraction to partners who are dominant and/or abusive. Children with PTSD have been found to have a reduced corpus callosum in the brain. Adult survivors often feel the need to always be in control. Adult survivors are at great risk of further victimization because disproportionately they find themselves falling in love with abusive partners (reinacting the abusive situation in order to overcome it). Adult survivors have a tendency to get involved in toxic, co-dependent relationships. Survivors of childhood rape disproportionately become abusers themselves. Adults previously assaulted as a child are twice as likely to be assaulted as an adult. A significant percentage of those convicted of child abuse were themselves victims of child abuse. (MNCASA) Learning about the health and psychological conditions effecting survivors of assault has been cited by researchers as a positive coping skill associated with faster healing. (Matsushita-Arao, 1997),(Ball, 1982)Medical emergency informationAccording to the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) in the United States, rape is a medical emergency [1]. Medical and law enforcement professionals have strongly recommended that a victim call for help and report it. A victim who seeks immediate medical attention, will not only allow prompt treatment for possibly life-threatening injuries and diseases, but will also preserve evidence. Many recommend that victims should not bathe or clean themselves before the examination, not only to prevent the loss of physical evidence, but also to not delay medical attention.Physical injuries such as gynecologic, rectal or internal hemorrhage may have resulted. Additionally, emergency contraception and preventative treatment against sexually transmitted diseases may be required, in particular prophylactic treatments to prevent HIV infection. In many locations, emergency medical technicians, emergency room nurses and doctors are trained to help rape victims. Some emergency rooms have rape kits which are used to collect evidence.AIDS prophylaxis is possible within 48 hours, but is not always deemed appropriate, given:the extremely small chance of transmission in many cases (0.1 - 0.3%, or between 1 in 333 and 1 in 1000); the lack of certainty of any effective results (it reduces, rather than removes the risk); and the often severe side effects of drugs required. This would usually be a clinical decision based upon circumstances.Victim blaming"Victim blaming" is holding the victim of a crime to be in whole or in part responsible for what has happened to them. In the context of rape, this concept refers to popular attitudes that certain victim behaviours (such as flirting, or wearing sexually-provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In extreme cases, victims are said to have "asked for it", simply by not behaving demurely. In most Western countries, the defense of provocation is not accepted as a mitigation for rape, although in Sweden this happens almost routinely, and questions about the victim's clothing and behaviour is present in almost all rape trials. This has raised a lot of attention among the public and the press. Despite several changes in the legislation, little has changed, possible due to the impact of the courts' personal opinions and views that have a large effect on the verdict in the Swedish judicial system.It has been proposed that one cause of victim-blaming is the "just world hypothesis". People who believe that the world has to be fair, may find it hard or impossible to accept a situation in which a person is unfairly and badly hurt for no cause or reason. This leads to a sense that, somehow, the victim must have surely done 'something' to deserve their fate. Another theory entails the need to protect one's own sense of invulnerability. This inspires people to believe that rape only happens to those who deserve or provoke the assault (Schneider et. al., 1994). This is a way of feeling safer. If the potential victim avoids the behaviours of the past victims then they themselves will remain safe and feel less vulnerable. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the Global Forum for Health Research [3] shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. In some countries, victim-blaming is more common, and women or men who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Often, these are countries where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women.A more mainstream view is that everybody has the theoretical right to feel safe at all times, but that the responsibility of preventing and minimising the risk of being in a dangerous situation is largely up to the individual. On this basis, the question is not whether the victim "deserved" to be raped, because nobody "deserves" to be the victim of crime, but rather whether the individual did choose to prevent or minimize the risk of being in a dangerous situation and/or the risk of harm in a dangerous situation.Under cases of alleged date rape, however, the situation is different. Because the question at hand is whether or not the incident was consensual, or whether the alleged victim encouraged the accused or gave implied consent, becomes the critical consideration. As such, arguments about the victim's conduct are an accepted element of an affirmative defense.In the United States, rape is unique in that it is the only crime in which there are statutory protections designed in favor of the victim (known as "rape shield laws"). These were enacted in response to the common defense tactic of "putting the victim on trial". Typical rape shield laws prohibit cross-examination of the victim with respect to issues, such as his or her prior sexual history, or the manner in which he or she was dressed at the time of the rape. Most states and the federal rules, however, provide exceptions to the rape shield law where evidence of prior sexual history is used to provide an alternative explanation for physical evidence, where the defendant and the victim had a prior consensual sexual relationship, and where exclusion of evidence would violate the defendant's constitutional rights.Self blameThere are two main types of self blame: undeserved blame based on character and undeserved blame based on actions. These are called Characterological and Behavioral.Behavioral self blame refers to victims feeling that they should have done something differently (therefore they feel it is their fault).Characterological self blame is when victims feel there is something inherently wrong with them (causing them to deserve to be assaulted). This type of blame is associated with more psychological negative effects.Self blame is an avoidance coping skill which inhibits the healing process. The type of thought involved in self blame of victims is illogical thinking (known as counterfactual thinking) which can be remedied by a therapeutic technique known as cognitive restructuring. The main problem for victims is that feeling shame (stigma with the self) produces more psychological problems than feeling guilt (actions). It's easier to change an action than the self. Guilt promotes resolving action and shame promotes pulling away or wanting to be invisible. Withdrawing prevents the victim from seeking help and reporting. Feeling that you had control during the assault (past control or behavioral self blame) is associated with more psychological distress while believing you have more control now (present control or control over the recovery process) is associated with less distress, less withdrawal and more cognitive reprocessing. (Frazier et. al., 2005)The leading researcher on shame, Tangney, lists five ways shame can be destructive: lack of motivation to seek care; lack of empathy; cutting themselves off from other people; anger; and aggression. Tangney says shame has a special link to anger. "In day-to-day life, when people are shamed and angry they tend to be motivated to get back at a person and get revenge,". In addition shame is connected to psychological problems- such as eating disorders, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as problematic moral behavior. In one study over several years shame-prone kids were prone to substance abuse, earlier sexual activity, less safe sexual activity, and involvement with the criminal justice system. (Tangney, 2002)Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self blame are supportive responses, psychoeducational responses (learning about rape trauma syndrome) and those responses addressing the issue of blame. (Matsushita-Arao, 1997 ) A helpful type of therapy for self blame is cognitive restructuring or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive reprocessing is the process of taking the facts and forming a logical conclusion from them that is less influenced by shame or guilt. (Branscombe et. al., 2003).Multiple re-victimization of rape victimsThe risk of sexual revictimization, according to the CDC, is based on vulnerability factors. One of these is the pre-existence of PTSD from a previous assault. Being the victim of child sexual abuse doubles the likelihood of adult sexual victimization (Parillo et. al., 2003) (Sarkar, N.; Sarkar, R., 2005). PTSD levels are actually higher in those who have been previously victimized than in survivors of only one assault (Follette et. al., 1996). PTSD could give the victim the appearance of vulnerability in dangerous situations and affect the ability of the victim to defend themselves.One study found that of the 433 sexually assaulted respondents, two-thirds reported more than one incident (Sorenson et. al., 1991). Two further studies also found that women or men who were victimized more than once or in both childhood and adolescence had a higher risk for adult revictimization and more PTSD (Siegel & Williams, 2001), (Breslau et. al., 1999). Intervention such as counseling for mental health issues (like PTSD) and for possible addictions related to the abuse can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization (Parillo et. al., 2003). Other factors influencing recovery are emotional support from friends, relations, social and community supports (Sarkar, N.; Sarkar, R., 2005). Further research needs to be done on male-male, female-male and female-female victimization.</blockquote>

Verification

The Marketplace Latest

Mitsubishi lancer Evo x front bumper
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Honda jazz fit gk flrs body kit
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Proton S70 body kit
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Proton saga BLM body kit
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Perodua bezza ~accident repair
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Mercedes Benz W205 C-class GT grille
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
BMW E90 ~brake caliper spray ~rim spray
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Honda city gm6 FL front bumper
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
original rare spec Rays Volk Racing RE30 15x7jj...
- Started by david tao
- Chassis and Wheels
original rare Rays Volk Racing TE37 SAGA S-Plus...
- Started by david tao
- Chassis and Wheels

Posts refresh every 5 minutes

Shell rewards five more lucky Malaysians with RM30,000

https://www.zerotohundred.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Pic-3-600x399.jpg

The year of the Rabbit was ushered in by Shell with a lavish celebration for the five lucky winners of the Shell V-Power 97 ‘Win Weekly at...

Boost meter or engine fault?

Hey sifus and petrol heads,
Very noob question here.Already driven my turbo for nearly 2 years and recently installed a boost meter.What i want to know is when i installed the boost meter and started the car it reads...

WTS:RX8 Carbing under brace & Used Tein

I'm selling these items as per title:

1)brand new Carbing under brace - RM300
2)Tein Super Street used for 6000-7000km - RM3100 (plus installation)

All these items are my personal parts.....

Those interested pls...